The Maratha expansion into Odisha in the 18th century marked a significant shift in the region's political and cultural landscape. This period, spanning from 1751 to 1803, saw the Marathas asserting control over Odisha, influencing its administration, economy, and religious practices.
Background and Prelude to Maratha Invasion
Following the decline of Mughal authority in India, regional powers vied for dominance over Odisha. The Nawabs of Bengal extended their influence into the region, while the Marathas, under the Bhonsles of Nagpur led by Raghoji I Bhonsle, sought to expand their territory eastward. Raghoji's ambitions were further encouraged by Mir Habib, a displaced Mughal official seeking revenge against Alivardi Khan, the Nawab of Bengal. Mir Habib's alliance with Raghoji provided the Marathas with strategic insights into Odisha's political dynamics.
Maratha Conquest of Odisha
In 1741, Raghoji I Bhonsle dispatched his general, Bhaskar Pandit, to invade Odisha. The Maratha forces swiftly captured the Barabati Fort in Cuttack on April 19, 1742, signaling the beginning of Maratha dominance in the region. Despite initial resistance from Alivardi Khan, continuous Maratha raids, known as "Bargi" attacks, compelled him to negotiate. In 1751, a peace treaty was signed, ceding control of Odisha from Cuttack up to the river Suvarnarekha to the Marathas.
Administrative Changes Under Maratha Rule
The Marathas implemented several administrative reforms in Odisha:
Revenue Collection: They introduced a system of revenue farming, appointing local intermediaries to collect taxes, which often led to exploitation and dissatisfaction among the peasantry.
Pilgrim Tax: To augment revenue, the Marathas imposed a pilgrim tax on devotees visiting the Jagannath Temple in Puri, with exemptions for the impoverished.
Economic and Cultural Impact
Maratha rule had a mixed impact on Odisha's economy and culture:
Trade Decline: External trade suffered due to conflicts and the rise of British maritime dominance, adversely affecting local economies.
Cultural Flourishing: Literature and poetry thrived under Maratha patronage, with significant contributions to Odia prose and poetry during this period.
Transition to British Control
The strategic location of Odisha made it a focal point for British colonial ambitions. During the Second Anglo-Maratha War, British forces, aiming to establish a continuous territory between Bengal and Madras, invaded Odisha. In 1803, the Marathas ceded Odisha to the British under the Treaty of Deogaon, ending Maratha rule and ushering in a new colonial era.
Maintenance of Religious Sites: Unlike previous rulers, the Marathas prioritized the upkeep of temples, notably the Jagannath Temple, ensuring regular rituals and repairs.
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