Odisha, with its rich cultural heritage and historical significance, witnessed substantial transformations under the Mughal Empire. The integration of Odisha into the Mughal administration as part of the Bengal Subah brought about changes in governance, economy, and culture. This article explores Odisha's history as part of Mughal Bengal Subah, shedding light on its administration, socio-economic impact, and cultural influences during this era.
1. Historical Context
The Mughal Empire, under Emperor Akbar, expanded its territorial domain to include Odisha in 1592 after defeating Mukunda Deva, the last ruler of the Bhoi dynasty. Odisha was then integrated into the Bengal Subah, one of the most prosperous and strategically important provinces of the Mughal Empire.
2. Geopolitical Importance of Odisha
Strategic Location: Odishas coastline along the Bay of Bengal made it a significant region for trade and maritime activities.
Natural Resources: Rich in agricultural produce, minerals, and forest resources, Odisha contributed significantly to the Bengal Subahs economy.
Cultural Significance: Odisha was home to major Hindu temples, including the Jagannath Temple at Puri, which continued to be an important center of pilgrimage under Mughal rule.
3. Administrative Integration
Subah System: Odisha was administratively integrated into the Bengal Subah, governed by a Subahdar (provincial governor) appointed by the Mughal emperor.
Division into Sarkars: Odisha was divided into smaller administrative units called Sarkars, further subdivided into Parganas and villages.
Jagir System: The Mughal system of land grants (Jagirs) was introduced, influencing local governance and revenue collection.
4. Revenue Administration
Land Revenue System: The Mughal Diwan (finance officer) implemented the Zabt system, under which land revenue was assessed and collected based on agricultural output.
Role of Zamindars: Local Zamindars (landlords) played a pivotal role as intermediaries in revenue collection but often resisted central authority, leading to periodic revolts.
Economic Contribution: Odisha's fertile lands contributed significantly to the revenue of the Bengal Subah, supporting the Mughal treasury.
5. Economy Under Mughal Rule
Agriculture: Odishas agrarian economy flourished under Mughal policies promoting the cultivation of rice, spices, and cotton.
Maritime Trade: The regions ports, such as Balasore and Pipili, became hubs for trade with Southeast Asia and Europe.
Craft Industries: Odisha was renowned for its textiles, particularly silk and cotton fabrics, which were in high demand in both domestic and international markets.
6. Cultural Syncretism
Religious Harmony: While Odisha was predominantly Hindu, Mughal rulers adopted a policy of religious tolerance. Emperor Akbars administration respected local traditions and festivals, including the Rath Yatra of Jagannath.
Architectural Influence: Mughal influence is evident in the construction of mosques, tombs, and forts in Odisha, blending local and Mughal architectural styles.
Literature and Arts: The patronage of Mughal officials encouraged the growth of local literature and arts, with an exchange of ideas between Persian and Odia cultures.
7. Challenges and Revolts
Local Resistance: Mughal attempts to centralize administration faced resistance from regional powers, including the local chieftains (Paiks) and Zamindars.
Paik Rebellion: The Paik Rebellion of 1607 was one of the earliest uprisings against Mughal authority, driven by resentment over taxation and loss of autonomy.
Maratha Incursions: By the 18th century, Maratha forces began to challenge Mughal control over Odisha, leading to its eventual decline as part of the Mughal Bengal Subah.
8. Decline of Mughal Influence
Rise of the Marathas: The weakening of Mughal authority after Aurangzeb's reign allowed the Marathas to assert control over Odisha by the mid-18th century.
British Invasion: Following the decline of both Mughal and Maratha power, Odisha came under British colonial rule after the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803).
OPSC Notes brings Prelims and Mains programs for OPSC Prelims and OPSC Mains Exam preparation. Various Programs initiated by OPSC Notes are as follows:-- OPSC Mains Tests and Notes Program
- OPSC Prelims Exam 2020- Test Series and Notes Program
- OPSC Prelims and Mains Tests Series and Notes Program
- OPSC Detailed Complete Prelims Notes